In Greater Manchester, police and council officers seized thousands of illegal vapes and cigarettes as part of Operation Elswick, a joint campaign targeting rogue retailers.
In Manchester alone, officers removed £162,000 worth of illegal vapes from sale in the last year.
Det Ch Insp Chris Woodburn, from Greater Manchester Police, said: “Our work in this area will continue as we are committed to tackling the issue of illegal vapes and cigarettes which fund wider crime and harm public health.”
Elsewhere, Bury Council obtained its first closure order against a shop after more than 3,000 vaping products were seized, while Rochdale recorded nine vape shop closures in the last six months.